: the process of changing which type of hemoglobin a red blood cell produces, shifting from adult sickled hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin as a therapeutic approach to sickle cell disease

: the accumulated hours of cool winter temperatures that certain fruit and nut trees need during dormancy to prepare for flowering and fruiting in the spring and summer

: the computational challenge of determining the amino acid sequence that produces a desired protein structure

: any genetically driven disease that stems from a premature termination codon mutation, which prevent the formation of a complete and functional protein

: a permit representing one metric tonne of carbon dioxide that is generated by quantifying and verifying the impact of nature-based methods in either avoiding carbon emissions or increasing the amount of carbon stored in the land

: environmental factors that negatively impact plant health

: the study of genetic variation found within each cell of a multicellular organism

: an artificial intelligence (AI) training technique based on trial and error that uses positive and negative feedback to teach the AI to perform a desired task in accordance with maximizing positive feedback

: the use of genetic code to discover the foundations of small molecule medicines

: a genome engineering technology based on mobile genetic elements that consists of a protein and an RNA or DNA template to effect a therapeutic change

: protecting, maintaining, or improving people's health before they get sick by providing interventions targeted to pre-disease states for those that are seemingly healthy but at risk

: the use of vast computational power to create biological designs with desired properties by inferring the principals of biology from large datasets